Інженерно-геодезичні вишукування. Геометричне нівелювання траси

Abstract

UA: У роботі визначено основний принцип і способи нівелювання, взяття нівеліром відліків на рейках, прив’язка траси дороги до реперів, нівелювання сполучних і проміжних точок, зрівнювання перевищень і обчислення сполучних і проміжних точок, контроль нівелювання траси, нанесення на поздовжній профіль проєктної лінії. Інженерногеодезичні вишукування, а саме геометричне нівелювання траси, є важливою складовою навчальної геодезичної практики. Геодезична практика здобувачів вищої освіти проводиться відповідно до навчального плану і є продовженням навчального процесу в польових умовах. Вона завершує теоретичний курс і проводиться згідно з навчальним планом.

EN: The purpose of leveling the route is to determine the elevations of all the control points, including the beginning, middle, and end of curves, plus points, and points on transverse profiles. Longitudinal and transverse leveling is carried out after the route has been set out. The results of leveling (elevation measurements) are subsequently used for constructing the longitudinal profile of the route and the transverse profiles. The paper outlines the main principles and methods of leveling, taking leveling readings on rods, referencing the road route to benchmarks, leveling junction and intermediate points, balancing elevation differences, and calculating junction and intermediate points. The paper also describes the control of route leveling and plotting the projected line on the longitudinal profile. Engineering-geodetic surveying, specifically geometric leveling of the route, is an important component of educational geodetic practice. Geodetic practice for students is conducted according to the academic curriculum and serves as a continuation of the learning process in the field. It completes the theoretical course and is conducted according to the academic plan. During practical training, students acquire skills in working with geodetic instruments and processing the results of field measurements, becoming familiar with the main types of engineering-geodetic work during surveys and construction of engineering structures. Students are required to participate in all types of work, conduct the necessary measurements, and process them in the office. Practical training in geodetic practices provides students with hands-on experience in applying theoretical knowledge to real-world scenarios. Through fieldwork, students gain proficiency in using a variety of geodetic instruments such as levels, total stations, and GPS receivers. They learn how to set up and operate these instruments accurately to collect precise measurements of elevation and distance. Furthermore, students learn the importance of teamwork and collaboration during field surveys. Working together with peers, they divide tasks, communicate effectively, and problem-solve on-site challenges that may arise. These collaborative experiences not only enhance their technical skills but also cultivate essential soft skills such as leadership, communication, and adaptability.