Досвід післявоєнного відновлення країн світу: уроки для України

Abstract

UA: Результатом військових дій в Україні є втрата робочої сили, руйнування промисловості і т.д . Історія має декілька позитивних прикладів відбудови економік країн: Німеччини, Японії та Південної Кореї. Особливе місце в історії серед варіантів післявоєнної відбудови займає «План Маршалла». Подолати кризові ситуації по відбудові післявоєнної економіки країни можливо за рахунок залучення інвестицій, використання новітніх технологій та лідируючої позиції держави у запровадженні національних реформ.

EN: The result of military operations in Ukraine is the loss of labor force, the destruction of industry, etc. Recently, a lot of experience has been gained in the field of post-war recovery of countries' economies, but there is no single correct solution or model that Ukraine could use. History has several positive examples of rebuilding the economies of countries. For example, in Germany, a program was adopted and implemented, the author of which was L. Erhard, which freed the economy from state control and maximally stimulated the private entrepreneur. The second successful example of the reconstruction of the economy can be called the "Japanese economic miracle", where the Japanese government made a bet on the active import of the latest foreign equipment and technology, purchasing tens of thousands of patents around the world. A third example of a country restructuring with extraordinary results is South Korea, where after American funds began to be channeled into industry and infrastructure, the country began to develop rapidly. The "Marshall Plan" occupies a special place in history among the post-war reconstruction options. The main approach of this plan consisted in the fact that the USA would provide financial assistance to the countries of Europe in most cases on a free basis and in a small part at the expense of soft loans for the implementation of programs for the recovery of their economies. Such plans were to be drawn up independently by each of the aid recipient countries. World experience shows that recovery was successful when the state and nation managed to look at their further development from a new angle and use approaches and mechanisms that are appropriate for their current situation and take into account the existing features. As a result of military operations, Ukraine faced extremely difficult challenges, but on the other hand, it received a huge chance for accelerated and sustainable development. In this way, it is necessary to analyze the experience of post-war reconstruction, but it should be applied taking into account the characteristics of the country and the situation formed in it after the end of the war. It is possible to overcome crisis situations in the reconstruction of the country's postwar economy due to the attraction of investments, the use of the latest technologies and the state's leading position in the introduction of national reforms.