Basic approaches to forecasting energy needs of operated buildings taking into account the factor of achieving the expedient level of energy efficiency

Abstract

According to European experience with thermal modernization, which is carried out in accordance with current energy efficiency standards, the final energy consumption for heating, ventilation, and hot water supply can be reduced to approximately 25-50%, the index of demand for useful energy for heating and ventilation can be about 70-80 kWh/m2 per year. Comprehensive thermal modernization can bring the greatest benefit, but its implementation requires high investment costs.